High-grade urothelial carcinoma

High-grade urothelial carcinoma is a heterogeneous epithelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract. Its etiology is similar to that of bladder cancer. Smoking and occupational carcinogens are important factors. In addition, genetics is also associated with its occurrence. Heterogeneous urothelial carcinoma of the upper urinary tract can spread along the epithelium, invade the renal parenchyma and surrounding structures, and spread along the lymph nodes or blood lines. Clinical manifestations are intermittent, intermittent gross hematuria, and dull pain in the waist. Diagnosis mainly depends on urine cytology examination, urography, urinary system B ultrasound and CT examination. Treatment methods are mainly through open nephroureterectomy, more laparoscopic surgery, to achieve the characteristics of less trauma, rapid recovery, including laparoscopic nephroureterectomy, ureteroscopy or percutaneous endoscopic surgery.