The gold standard for diagnosis of pulmonary embolism

The gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is based on clinical manifestations and suspected pulmonary embolism, combined use of radionuclide pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan, spiral CT pulmonary angiography, pulmonary angiography at least one of the three examinations. What is the gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism? The gold standard for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism is: On the basis of clinical manifestations and suspected pulmonary embolism, at least one of the following three examinations can be used to make a definite diagnosis. 1. Radionuclide pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scan: It is a classic method for diagnosing pulmonary embolism, with specificity generally about 90% and sensitivity about 80%. 2. Spiral CT pulmonary angiography: It is an important non-invasive examination method for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism at present, with high sensitivity and specificity, and a high diagnostic accuracy for pulmonary embolism in more than one segment. 3. Pulmonary arteriography: It is the" gold standard" for the diagnosis of pulmonary embolism, but it is an invasive examination, which is generally only used when the patient is in critical condition and highly suspected of pulmonary embolism and other examinations cannot be diagnosed. In addition, for patients with high clinical suspicion of pulmonary embolism and negative results of the above examinations, CT pulmonary angiography may be considered if there is a clear contraindication for anticoagulation therapy; or radionuclide pulmonary ventilation/perfusion scanning or pulmonary angiography may be further confirmed if proximal pulmonary artery thrombosis is found in echocardiography. It should be noted that for patients with high risk factors for deep vein thrombosis of lower limbs, such as long-term bed rest, varicose veins of lower limbs, malignant tumors, etc., the possibility of pulmonary embolism should be highly suspected, and relevant examinations should be carried out in time for early detection and early treatment.