Clinical manifestations and treatment principles of heart failure

The clinical manifestations of heart failure include symptoms of left heart failure, right heart failure and whole heart failure. The principles of treatment include etiological treatment, improvement of symptoms, adjustment of compensatory mechanism and monitoring follow-up. Left heart failure is mainly manifested as fatigue, dyspnea, exertional dyspnea, orthopnea, paroxysmal nocturnal dyspnea, cough, hemoptysis, oliguria and renal impairment symptoms. Right heart failure is mainly manifested as anorexia, nausea, vomiting, abdominal distension, epigastric pain, exertional dyspnea. Total heart failure has clinical manifestations of both left heart failure and right heart failure. 2. What are the treatment principles for heart failure? Etiology Treatment: Actively control hypertension, diabetes and other basic diseases, improve myocardial ischemia, treat arrhythmias, etc. Improve symptoms: Choose diuretics and angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors according to the condition (ACEI) or angiotensin II receptor antagonist (ARB), beta blockers, positive inotropic drugs and other drugs, relieve symptoms such as dyspnea. Adjust the compensatory mechanism of heart failure: such as the use of golden triangle drugs (ACEI/ARB, beta blockers, aldosterone receptor antagonists), inhibit neuroendocrine system overactivation, delay ventricular remodeling, reduce mortality. Monitoring and follow-up: periodic review, evaluation of treatment effect, adjustment of treatment regimen. Key information: Clinical manifestations of heart failure include symptoms of left heart failure, right heart failure and whole heart failure. Treatment principles include etiological treatment, improvement of symptoms, adjustment of compensatory mechanism and monitoring follow-up.