of neuroblastoma

Neuroblastoma may be related to genetic factors, abnormal embryonic development, immunodeficiency, ionizing radiation, lentivirus infection, etc., and can be treated by surgical resection, radiotherapy, chemotherapy, etc. Certain gene variants, such as ALK mutations, PHOX2B, MYCN amplification, etc., may increase risk. These genes play important roles in cell growth, differentiation and apoptosis, and when abnormal, may promote neuroblastoma formation. In addition, familial neuroblastoma has also been shown to be associated with anaplastic lymphoma kinase and somatic mutations.2. Abnormal embryogenesis During embryonic development, neuroblasts fail to mature normally or apoptosis, but continue to proliferate, which may lead to neuroblastoma. Embryonic neural crest cells form neuroblastoma if they do not differentiate and mature into normal structures when they form the nervous system and sympathetic nervous system. 3. Immunodeficiency Deficiency Deficiencies in the immune system may result in the body not being able to effectively recognize and eliminate abnormal cells, including neuroblastoma cells. This may be accompanied by fatigue, weight loss and other symptoms, requiring close attention and prompt medical attention. 4. Ionizing radiation long-term exposure to ionizing radiation, such as X-ray, CT, etc., may damage DNA molecular structure, cause chromosome aberration, lead to uncontrolled cell proliferation, and then cause neuroblastoma. In this case, it may be accompanied by radiation dermatitis, pneumonia and other symptoms. 5. Lentivirus infection with certain lentiviruses, such as human herpes virus, may cause neuroblastoma by infecting neuroblasts and causing their abnormal proliferation. It is usually accompanied by symptoms such as enlarged lymph nodes and abnormal liver function. 2. Treatment 1. Surgical resection is the main method of tumor treatment at present. For patients with early neuroblastoma, surgical resection can be performed after contraindications are excluded. The purpose of surgery includes radical resection of the primary lesion, reduction of tumor burden, and provision of evidence for subsequent adjuvant chemotherapy. For patients with locally advanced neuroblastoma, palliative resection can be performed. 2. Radiotherapy For patients who cannot undergo radical surgery or local surgery, local radiotherapy can be performed. The purpose of radiotherapy is to use radiation to kill tumor cells and control local tumors. However, it should be noted that children's bodies are very sensitive to radiotherapy, which may increase the risk of long-term secondary tumors due to radiotherapy. Therefore, it is necessary to estimate the radiation dose and the desired treatment target. 3. Chemotherapy is a systemic treatment, generally used for patients with advanced neuroblastoma. Because neuroblastoma mostly occurs in younger infants, it is necessary to closely observe the possible adverse reactions of patients during chemotherapy and actively treat them. Chemotherapy drugs include cyclophosphamide, doxorubicin, cisplatin, etc., but drugs need to be used according to medical advice. The causes of neuroblastoma are complex and diverse, and treatment needs to be individualized according to the specific conditions of patients. Early detection, early diagnosis and early treatment are of great significance to improve the prognosis of patients.