Complications of diabetes

Diabetic complications include diabetic nephropathy, diabetic retinopathy, diabetic neuropathy, diabetic foot, cardiovascular disease, etc. 1. Diabetic nephropathy long-term hyperglycemia can damage renal microvessels, leading to proteinuria, renal insufficiency, severe can develop into renal failure. This is because hyperglycemia can cause glomerular hyperfiltration, high pressure and high perfusion, resulting in glomerulosclerosis and tubular interstitial damage. 2. Diabetic retinopathy can cause retinal vascular lesions, causing vision loss, blurred vision and even blindness. Hyperglycemia can affect retinal blood circulation, resulting in microangiomas, bleeding, exudation and a series of pathological changes. 3. Diabetic neuropathy can involve peripheral nerves and autonomic nerves, limb numbness, pain, paresthesia, gastrointestinal dysfunction, cardiovascular dysfunction, etc. Oxidative stress and metabolic disorders induced by hyperglycemia are important causes of neuropathy. 4. Diabetic foot is characterized by foot ulcers, infections, gangrene, etc., which may lead to amputation in severe cases. This is due to long-term hyperglycemia leading to lower limb vascular and neuropathy, plus trauma, infection and other factors of the results of the joint action. 5. Cardiovascular disease diabetes patients with coronary heart disease, myocardial infarction, stroke and other cardiovascular diseases significantly increased risk. Hyperglycemia can cause accelerated progression of atherosclerosis, often accompanied by hypertension, dyslipidemia and other risk factors. Diabetes complications seriously affect the quality of life and life span of patients, so patients with diabetes should actively control blood sugar, pay attention to monitoring and controlling other related risk factors, and regularly carry out relevant examinations in order to detect and treat complications early.