Contraindicated population for percutaneous nephrolithotomy

Percutaneous nephrolithotomy is performed in patients with severe spinal deformity. It must be evaluated before surgery, so that surgery can be performed and the results achieved. Although this surgery is minimally invasive, it may also present some complications, such as renal parenchyma laceration, kidney perforation, bleeding, urine leakage, infection, arteriovenous fistula, and damage to surrounding organs. Therefore, strict and standardized procedures must be carried out during the operation.