How is atrial fibrillation diagnosed?

Atrial fibrillation (AF) can be

caused by

heart disease, constrictive pericarditis, rheumatic heart disease, hypertensive heart disease, coronary atherosclerotic heart disease, chronic pulmonary heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases; pulmonary embolism, hyperthyroidism and other extracardiac diseases may also cause atrial fibrillation; secondly, patients with heart and lung diseases such as acute hypoxia, blood flow disorders may also

cause atrial fibrillation.